التحليل الجغرافي للأطفال العاملين في قضاء أبي غريب لسنة 2022م دراسة في الجغرافيا الاجتماعية

Abstract

يخضع مجتمع الاطفال العاملين في قضاء أبي غريب لجملة من الخصائص الديموغرافية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية, لما لها من آثار خطيرة, اذ ان تأثيرها لا يقتصر على الطفل العامل نفسه بل يشمل الاسرة والمجتمع ككل, لاسيما بعد تراجع نسب الملتحقين بالدراسة وازدياد معدلات التسرب المدرسي والانحراف الاجتماعي, اذ يهدف البحث الى تحديد مفهوم الاطفال العاملين وانتشارهم في منطقة البحث حسب محل الاقامة والعمل, بالاعتماد على الدراسة الميدانية لـ 141 استمارة استبانة من عينة قصدية احتمالية لمجتمع الاطفال العاملين للفئة العمرية ( 5-14 سنة), فضلا عن تحليل خصائصهم ضمن المنهج الوصفي التحليلي, وتحديد أبرز الاسباب الدافعة لعمل الاطفال ومحاولة وضع الحلول اللازمة لمعالجتها, اذ أظهرت نتائج البحث الميداني أن العاملين في الاسواق احتل المرتبة الاولى لعمل الاطفال بنسبة 44,7% ويليه العمل في المناطق الصناعية بنسبة 24,1% والتقاطعات المرورية 20,6 والعاملين في المجالات الاخرى 10,6% ,فضلاَ عن شيوع الأمية بين الاطفال العاملين لاسيما أن 39% من الاطفال العاملين لم يلتحقوا بالدراسة مقابل37,5% تسرب مدرسي في حين لايزال 23,5% فقط مستمرين بالدراسة والعمل في آن واحد ,أما أبرز الاسباب الدافعة لعمل الاطفال فهي مساعدة الاسرة اقتصادياَ اذ بلغت 23,4% من اجمالي الاسباب في منطقة البحث . The phenomenon of child labor is one of the recent phenomena that has emerged in a disturbing manner in Iraq, due to the large population growth and the increase in the size of cities, and the accompanying political, economic and social developments, especially after the year 2003 A.D.. All that was an obstacle to sustainable human development as well as its psychological and social effects. Despite the lack of accurate and comprehensive government statistics for the number of working children (child labor) in Iraq and the area under investigation in particular, making accurate data available to those who wish to research and analyze was not an easy matter because of the denial of the heads of families and children labor for them. In spite of the government’s endeavor and in cooperation with governmental organizations in the fight against child labor and their support for most of the international laws against child labor until the commemoration of the 12th of June of each year as The World Day Against Child Labour. As Iraq ratified in 1985 the International Labor Convention No. 138 for 1973 , which stipulates the non-employment of children up to the age of eighteen, especially in work that exposes them to danger. In 2001, Iraq ratified Labor Convention 982 of 1999 to ban and eliminate the worst forms of violence at work. This was stipulated in the Constitution of Iraq in 2005 in Articles 11, 30, 29 to prohibit the economic exploitation of children and to provide them with health insurance , social security and the basic requirements for a decent living. Iraq also legislated Law 37 of 2015 as a minimum work limit of fifteen years old and is subject to health control until reaching the age of 18 years, The number of working hours constitutes one of the basic criteria whether the work is related to child labor first or not, according to the International Labor Organization. As one hour of work per week was adopted for the age group 5-11 and 12 working hours per week for the age group of 12-14 years with 14 working hours / week. The researcher chose the topic (Geographical analysis of children working in Abu Ghraib district - a study in social geography) as a field for research for the year 2022 for the age group 5-14 years old according to the Iraqi Labor Law 37 of 2015 based on the data approved in the general population census in Iraq issued by the Ministry of Planning - The Central Bureau of Statistics, especially that this research is a main focus in social geography. The research emphasized the concept of child labor, their distribution and geographical spread, and the identification of the most prominent reasons behind children labor in the area under investigation.